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I don’t simply like you, I like you like you. The capital letters provide a helpful cue, but italics, which are a little less emphatic, would be more appropriate in most situations. 308)ĬMOS does not yet weigh in on this phenomenon, but we would probably say that in ordinary prose the dashes and hyphens are unnecessary. Oh, we’re not LIVING-TOGETHER–living-together. I’ll make the tuna salad, and you make the SALAD–salad. To illustrate the phenomenon, the text of Ghomeshi et al.’s paper uses an en dash between repeated words and, for repeated phrases, hyphens in addition to the en dash to show the emphasis typical of such expressions, the first term is in all caps: In other words, it’s like adding “really” or “real” before the repeated verb or noun: I don’t just like you, I really like you. Ghomeshi et al.’s paper describes the effect of this repetition as “denoting the prototypical instance of the reduplicated lexical expression” (p. You are referring to the phenomenon known as contrastive focus reduplication (or simply contrastive reduplication), a term coined by Jila Ghomeshi, Ray Jackendoff, Nicole Rosen, and Kevin Russell see “Contrastive Focus Reduplication in English (The Salad-Salad Paper),” Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 22 (2004): 307–57. Editors can help by asking an author first before making wholesale changes.Ī. “Look”-she pointed to the road-“a blue car.” “Look,” she said, pointing to the road, “a blue car.” Instead, they’d edit your example to maintain a distinction between speaking and pointing: Pointing is also a gesture, but many editors would draw the line before allowing that verb as a dialogue tag.
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This leeway might be extended to smiling and shrugging and similar gestures that play a supporting role for many people when they talk. Nodding, however, comes closer to speech than standing does, and some editors would allow a construction like this one: “Yes, this is fine,” she said, standing up. They usually come down to one thing: Can a person do something other than speak or write their words or communicate them using a signed language? In other words, can you smile the word hello or nod to someone in English? If you agree that people do not literally stand or nod or point-or smile-their words, structure your dialogue accordingly: For the use of ellipses to indicate omissions, in which case a period is usually retained before an ellipsis at the end of a sentence, see CMOS 13.50–58.Ī. ?” The question hung in the air.įor some additional considerations, see “ Prose, Interrupted: Signaling Breaks in Dialogue,” at CMOS Shop Talk. !” He waited in vain for his friend to deny it. The placement of these marks relative to the ellipsis will depend on context and emphasis: Though a sentence-ending period isn’t retained with an ellipsis, a question mark or an exclamation point is. just don’t.” Dylan wouldn’t even look at us. will you help me?” It took all his courage to ask. Following the ellipsis, you can use a capital letter to indicate the start of a new sentence, especially to signal a definite shift (as in the fourth example):
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This convention applies equally to dialogue and narration. In fiction the convention is to limit ellipses to three dots-whether the ellipsis follows a complete sentence or not, and whether the ellipsis indicates a faltering or trailing off or a more definite pause.